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Value-chain emissions — usually the largest part of a company's footprint.

Measuring an organisation's total greenhouse gas emissions.

The global standard for corporate greenhouse gas accounting.

Building and executing a credible pathway to net zero.

Scope 3 is usually the largest part of a company's footprint. A practical guide to the 15 GHG Protocol categories, materiality screening, primary vs secondary data, and reduction strategy.

Scope 1 covers a company's direct greenhouse gas emissions — from fuel combustion, process emissions, fugitive gases and owned vehicles. A practical guide to measurement and reduction.

Scope 2 covers indirect emissions from purchased electricity, heat and steam. A guide to the GHG Protocol dual reporting method, PPAs, guarantees of origin and how to get to zero.

Fleet fuel is a major Scope 1 source for logistics, distribution and service businesses. A guide to telematics, modal shift, alternative fuels and fleet electrification.

A practical guide to corporate carbon footprints, the GHG Protocol scopes, and how to move from a first inventory to a repeatable measurement process.

Financed emissions are Scope 3 category 15 — the largest emissions category for banks and asset managers. A guide to the PCAF Standard, data quality scoring and portfolio decarbonisation.

Scope 1 and 2 are the emissions a company controls directly or via purchased energy. Scope 3 is everything else in the value chain — typically 70–90% of the total.

All other indirect value-chain emissions across 15 categories.

Direct emissions from owned or controlled sources.

Indirect emissions from purchased electricity, steam, heating and cooling.

Grid-average method for Scope 2 accounting.

Contract-based Scope 2 method reflecting PPAs, green tariffs and GOs.

International standard for GHG emissions from transport chains.

Transport and logistics operators sit at the intersection of Scope 1 fuel use and their customers' Scope 3 category 4 emissions — making them a priority for both green loans and SLLs.

Professional-services firms tend to have small Scope 1 footprints and outsized influence — reputational, client-facing and, increasingly, regulatory.

For heads of sustainability, ESG controllers and disclosure teams. Move from the CSRD / ESRS regulatory backbone into value-chain (Scope 3) measurement and, finally, to a credible, financeable transition plan aligned with 1.5°C.